[37] Through women's positions in these organizations, women gained influence outside of the private sphere. Despite being called the "greatest orator in America" by Benjamin Rush[31] and one of the best in the world by Bishop Thomas Coke,[30] Hosier was repeatedly passed over for ordination and permitted no vote during his attendance at the Christmas Conference that formally established American Methodism. [33] Despite white attempts to control independent African-American congregations, especially after the Nat Turner uprising of 1831, a number of African-American congregations managed to maintain their separation as independent congregations in Baptist associations. As preachers looked for more souls to convert back to the Protestant faith, they found their needs in both women and people of color. By the late 1840s, however, the great day had receded to the distant future, and postmillennialism became a more passive religious dimension of the wider middle-class pursuit of reform and progress. The Methodist Church used circuit riders to reach people in frontier locations. Stephen Meardon, "From Religious Revivals to Tariff Rancor: Preaching Free Trade and Protection during the Second American Party System,". The sheer exhilaration of participating in a religious revival with crowds of hundreds and perhaps thousands of people inspired the dancing, shouting, and singing associated with these events. State legislatures[which?] [41] The influence of the Awakening continued in the form of more secular movements. Bratt, James D. "Religious Anti-revivalism in Antebellum America", Carwardine, Richard J. It is not clear why women converted in larger numbers than men. This religious movement was felt nationwide and consisted of small and large gatherings alike. These two groups provided ample opportunity for religious growth, and so the preachers of the religious revival set their sights on communicating and focusing more on women. A revival known as the Second Great Awakening began in New England in the 1790s. Women made up a large part of these voluntary societies. Women, who formed a large part of voluntary societies of the time, such as the Female Missionary Society and the Maternal Association, came to join these organizations due to their felt a responsibility to the community. McGready was a stirring preacher and under his ministry an extensive awakening spread over north—central North Carolina after 1791. second great awakening significance 20 Settembre 2020 No Comments Finanza In order to fulfill their religious goals, many Christians became abolitionists, looking to rid society, their families, and the communities of slavery and its Sin.The Second Great Awakening would also promote a drastic increase in women's rights from years prior. In 1800, out of African-American revival meetings in Virginia, a plan for slave rebellion was devised by Gabriel Prosser, although the rebellion was discovered and crushed before it started. Especially in the Baptist Church, African Americans were welcomed as members and as preachers. As more and more people became religiously devoted, people began to view the enslavement of certain races as evil, cruel, and unjust. [13], In the newly settled frontier regions, the revival was implemented through camp meetings. The Second Great Awakening would also promote a drastic increase in women's rights from years prior. At the heart of this aspect of the Second Great Awakening was a religious commitment to social reform by elite and middle-class urban dwellers. Converts were taught that to achieve salvation they needed not just to repent personal sin but also work for the moral perfection of society, which meant eradicating sin in all its forms. It greatly increased the number of Christians both in New England and on the frontier. The revivals also followed an arc of great emotional power, with an emphasis on the individual's sins and need to turn to Christ, and a sense of restoring personal salvation. By all means, this goal was a success. The movement rejected Calvinism and promoted the idea that humans not only had freewill but could determine, through their actions, whether or not they deserved salvation. The Second Great Awakening had a multitude of both controversial, yet progressive, changes in both religion and everyday life for a wide variety of American lifestyles, in the frontier and New England. Due to the efforts of such leaders as Stone and Alexander Campbell (1788–1866), the camp meeting revival spread religious enthusiasm and became a major mode of church expansion, especially for the Methodists and Baptists. One idea was temperance, which is the abstinence from any alcohol. They did not stem entirely from the Second Great Awakening, but the revivalist doctrine and the expectation that one's conversion would lead to personal action accelerated the role of women's social benevolence work. "Black Harry" Hosier, an illiterate freedman who drove Francis Asbury on his circuits, proved to be able to memorize large passages of the Bible verbatim and became a cross-over success, as popular among white audiences as the black ones Asbury had originally intended for him to minister. Mathews, Donald G. "The Second Great Awakening as an organizing process, 1780–1830: An hypothesis". Postmillennialist theology dominated American Protestantism in the first half of the 19th century. The Second Great Awakening was marked by a sudden earnestness in Christian devotion and Christlike imitation of life. In fact, Harriet Beecher Stowe, daughter of Henry Ward Beecher, would write one of the most influential books, Uncle Tom's Cabin, during this time as well. [16][17] Presbyterians and Methodists initially worked together to host the early camp meetings, but the Presbyterians eventually became less involved because of the noise and often raucous activities that occurred during the protracted sessions. Efforts to apply Christian teaching to the resolution of social problems presaged the Social Gospel of the late 19th century. During the period of revival, mothers were seen as the moral and spiritual foundation of the family, and were thus tasked with instructing children in matters of religion and ethics. The camp meeting was a religious service of several days' length with preachers. Pietism was sweeping Germanic countries[4] and evangelicalism was waxing strong in England.[5]. Subsequent meetings followed at the nearby Gasper River and Muddy River congregations. As the Second Great Awakening progressed, Church leaders searched for more ways to help people devote themselves more fully to Protestantism. It created divisions within the church leading to more … However, women took other public roles; for example, relaying testimonials about their conversion experience, or assisting sinners (both male and female) through the conversion process. [24]:368 The Southern phase of the Awakening "was an important matrix of Barton Stone's reform movement" and shaped the evangelistic techniques used by both Stone and the Campbells. The religious revivals known as the Great Awakening and the Second Great Awakening swept through both the North and South periodically from the 1740s through the 1780s. The Civil War, happening only 20 years after the end of the Second Great Awakening, would divide and once again unite a nation split on slavery. Known commonly as antebellum reform, this phenomenon included reforms against the consumption of alcohol, for women's rights and abolition of slavery, and a multitude of other issues faced by society. It was led by people such as Charles Grandison Finney, Henry Ward Beecher, Lyman Beecher, E dward Everett and Joseph Smith. The Second Great Awakening took place in the new United States between 1790 and 1840. All were … Though its roots are in the First Great Awakening and earlier, a re-emphasis on Wesleyan teachings on sanctification emerged during the Second Great Awakening, leading to a distinction between Mainline Methodism and Holiness churches. Daniel Walker Howe, "The Evangelical Movement and Political Culture in the North During the Second Party System", The Journal of American History 77, no. The United States was becoming a more culturally diverse nation in the early to mid-19th centu… Settlers in thinly populated areas gathered at the camp meeting for fellowship as well as worship. The religions following the second Great Awakening focused on … It arose in several places and in several active forms. The second Great Awakening is significant because it changed the character of American religion. To immigrants in the early 19th century, the land in the United States seemed pristine, edenic and undefiled – "the perfect place to recover pure, uncorrupted and original Christianity" – and the tradition-bound European churches seemed out of place in this new setting. Long, Kimberly Bracken. passed laws requiring them always to have a white man present at their worship meetings. [41], Protestant religious revival in the early 19th-century United States, George M. Fredrickson, "The Coming of the Lord: The Northern Protestant Clergy and the Civil War Crisis," in. Varel, David A. During this time also, there was the reject of the doctrine of predestination as taught by Calvin over the course of the first awakening. It gave them people agency in their own religious lives that Calvinism had denied them. It was the first major event that all the colonies could share, helping to break down differences between them. The Great Camp Meetings. Various scholarly theories attribute the discrepancy to a reaction to the perceived sinfulness of youthful frivolity, an inherent greater sense of religiosity in women, a communal reaction to economic insecurity, or an assertion of the self in the face of patriarchal rule. In the 1790s, another religious revival, which became known as the Second Great Awakening, … One of the most important issues at the time, abolitionism was a topic of great debate and increasing violence throughout the States. The Second Great Awakening, which spread religion through revivals and emotional preaching, sparked a number of reform movements. Birdsall, Richard D. "The Second Great Awakening and the New England Social Order". The idea of restoring a "primitive" form of Christianity grew in popularity in the U.S. after the American Revolution. During this revival, meetings were held in small towns and large cities throughout the country, and the unique frontier institution known as the camp meeting began. Many early American religious groups in the Calvinist tradition had emphasized the deep depravity of human beings and believed they could only be saved through the grace of God. The Second Great Awakening was important for people's religious lives, but it was also important because it gave rise to a number of reform movements (such as abolitionism) that were … Johnson, Charles A. [40], Revivals and perfectionist hopes of improving individuals and society continued to increase from 1840 to 1865 across all major denominations, especially in urban areas. The Second Great Awakening (sometimes known simply as "the Great Awakening") was a religious revival that occurred in the United States beginning in the late eighteenth century and lasting until the middle of the nineteenth century. Nearing the end of the Second Great Awakening, hundreds of thousands of people had been converted, and spurred to reengage with Christianity, particularly Evangelist Ideas. Several new groups formed to promote and strengthen … The movement started around 1800, had begun to gain momentum by 1820, and was in decline by 1870. [35] Women also took crucial roles in the conversion and religious upbringing of children. While it occurred in all parts of the United States, it was especially strong in the Northeast and the Midwest. "The Historiography of the Second Great Awakening and the Problem of Historical Causation, 1945–2005". Women, who formed a large part of voluntary societies of the time, such as the Female Missionary Society and the Maternal Association, came to join these organizations due to their felt a responsibility to the community. The spirit of evangelical humanitarian reforms was carried on in the antebellum Whig party. George Fredrickson argues that Postmillennial theology "was an impetus to the promotion of Progressive reforms, as historians have frequently pointed out. Race, gender, and church hierarchies were leveled on a level playing field and the real purpose of religion came to surface; and that was God. The Second Great Awakening served as an "organizing process" that created "a religious and educational infrastructure" across the western frontier that encompassed social networks, a religious journalism that provided mass communication, and church-related colleges. [25], Congregationalists set up missionary societies to evangelize the western territory of the northern tier. Baptists and Methodists in the South preached to slaveholders and slaves alike. Conforti, Joseph. He was known as the "Great Itinerant" because he traveled and preached all around North … Soon after, the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church (AME Zion) was founded as another denomination in New York City. The Second Great Awakening occurred in several episodes and over different denominations; however, the revivals were very similar. McGready was a stirring preacher and under his ministry an extensive awakening … Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 1981. These often provided the first encounter for some settlers with organized religion, and they were important as social venues. Kentucky was also influenced by a … Women were sick of drunk men coming home raged, priests wished for more religious individuals to come to Church, who were more devoted to God than before, and finally, supposedly God too looked down on those who drank alcohol. In northern New England, social activism took precedence; in western New York, the movement encouraged the growth of new denominations. Women would soon begin to work towards the vote and other causes, such as abolitionism. Over one hundred years later, temperance would be placed into law, with alcohol banned due to the 18th Amendment in Prohibition. [19][20], The converts during the Second Great Awakening were predominantly female. Evangelists often directly addressed issues such as slavery, greed, and poverty, laying the groundwork for later reform movements. Social reform, especially in northern states, was an important part of the Second Great Awakening. The Great Awakening notably altered the religious climate in the American colonies. Christians thus had a duty to purify society in preparation for that return. [citation needed] Another key component of the revivalists' techniques was the camp meeting. [23]:89 Several factors made the restoration sentiment particularly appealing during this time period:[23]:90–94, The Restoration Movement began during, and was greatly influenced by, the Second Great Awakening. At the time, women were tasked with taking care of the children in a household, and thus the passing on of religion from one generation to the next, an immense responsibility in the eyes of preachers, was given to women. The Second Great Awakening, which spread religion through revivals and emotional preaching, sparked a number of reform movements. There were camp meetings. Women were sick of drunk men coming home raged, priests wished for more religious individuals to come to Church, who were more devoted to God than before, and finally, supposedly God too looked down on those who drank alcohol. [8][9] Charles Finney, a leading revivalist active in the area, coined the term. A second important figure during the Great Awakening was George Whitefield. The 2 nd Great Awakening was a religious revival that took place after the American Revolution between 1790 and 1840 in an effort to restore a simpler form of Christianity. During the first half of the 1800's What were the causes and effects of the Second Great Awakening? Barbara Leslie Epstein, The Politics of Domesticity. Newer denominations, such as Methodists and Baptists, grew quickly. In the West, the Second Great Awakening began with James McGready (1762?–1817). Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, Elizabeth J.Clapp, and Julie Roy Jeffrey, ed., Women, Dissent and Anti-slavery in Britain and America, 1790–1865, (Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2011): 13–14, Barbara Welter, "The Feminization of American Religion: 1800–1860," in Clio's Consciousness Raised, edited by Mary S. Hartman and Lois Banner. "The Second Great Awakening in the Urban Centers: An Examination of Methodism and the 'New Measures, Cott, Nancy F. "Young Women in the Second Great Awakening in New England,". The numerical strength of the Baptists and Methodists rose relative to that of the denominations dominant in the colonial period—the Anglicans, Presbyterians, Congregationalists, and Reformed. Most of the Scots-Irish immigrants before the American Revolutionary War settled in the backcountry of Pennsylvania and down the spine of the Appalachian Mountains in present-day Maryland and Virginia, where Presbyterian emigrants and Baptists held large outdoor gatherings in the years prior to the war. [38][39], Changing demographics of gender also affected religious doctrine. Over one hundred years later, temperance would be placed into law, with alcohol banned due to the 18th Amendment in Prohibition. There was no such episode in England, further highlighting variances between Americans and their cousins across the sea. One idea was temperance, which is the abstinence from any alcohol. T… The abolitionist movement and the temperance movement were influenced by … It weakened traditional forms of religious practices. The revival also inspired slaves to demand freedom. In the Appalachian region of Tennessee and Kentucky, the revival energized Presbyterians, Methodists and Baptists, and gave rise to the popular ca… Women's prayer groups were an early and socially acceptable form of women's organization. It helped propel numerous reform movements, most notably involving temperance and abolition, even as it attempted to return Christianity to its primitive roots. The temperance movement criticized the effects of the role of alcohol in public life. The Civil War, happening only 20 years after the end of the Second Great Awakening, would divide and once again unite a nation split on slavery. This version of Christian philosophy became widely accepted during this time because it gave people more control over their spiritual lives. Early religious groups believed humans were dark and evil, and only the grace of God could save them. In the 1830s, female moral reform societies rapidly spread across the North making it the first predominantly female social movement. They began efforts to reform prisons and care for the handicapped and mentally ill. What other consequences came out of a heightened sense of religion in America? The Second Great Awakening was unlike the first, in that many people were converted into different sects of Christianity through camp meetings and tent revivals. The second great awakening was a period of religious revival that encourages individuals to pursue the knowledge of God and self. It was a time of evangelical passion and revival in American. Churches with roots in this movement include the Churches of Christ, Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), and the Evangelical Christian Church in Canada. [15], The Revival of 1800 in Logan County, Kentucky, began as a traditional Presbyterian sacramental occasion. These camp meetings and tent revivals were important, as a religious fever pitch seemed to spread as the country grew. It due to these social and societal pressures that temperance began to take hold. Summary: The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant religious movement during the early 19th century in the United States. Lyman Beecher was part of the reform movement of the Second Great Awakening. While Protestant religion had previously played an important role on the American political scene, the Second Great Awakening strengthened the role it would play. "The Communion Sermons of James Mcgready: Sacramental Theology and Scots-Irish Piety on the Kentucky Frontier", Meyer, Neil. Second Great Awakening The Great Awakening came to an end sometime during the 1740s. The reason for this was quite simple - If people drank less, they would commit less crimes and misdemeanors while under the influence. This revival expressed Arminian theology. This religious movement was felt nationwide and consisted of small and large gatherings alike. [42] In the midst of shifts in theology and church polity, American Christians began progressive movements to reform society during this period. Young people (those under 25) also converted in greater numbers, and were the first to convert. [36], The greatest change in women's roles stemmed from participation in newly formalized missionary and reform societies. The Second Great Awakening, which spread religion through revival meetings and emotional preaching, sparked a number of reform movements. In an effort to give sermons that would resonate with the congregation, ministers stressed Christ's humility and forgiveness, in what the historian Barbara Welter calls a "feminization" of Christianity. When priests and preachers began to organize camp meetings, their official goal was to convert the masses back to religious devotion. Revivals were a key part of the movement and attracted hundreds of converts to new Protestant denominations. This duty extended beyond American borders to include Christian Restorationism. It raised ideas about individual liberty and reason. After first submitting to oversight by the established Methodist bishops, several AME congregations finally left to form the first independent African-American denomination in the United States in 1816. The camp-meetings featured zealous preachers who applied Christian teaching to the resolution of the social problems of the day. One of the most important issues at the time, abolitionism was a topic of great debate and increasing violence throughout the States. It was the first major event that all the colonies could share, helping to break down differences between them. Ordinary people were encouraged to make a personal connection with God, instead of relying on a minister. The Second Great Awakening led to a period of antebellum social reform an… Richard Allen, the other black attendee, was ordained by the Methodists in 1799, but his congregation of free African Americans in Philadelphia left the church there because of its discrimination. Stone. [19], The Methodist circuit riders and local Baptist preachers made enormous gains in increasing church membership. Exuberant revivalist meetings ignited the interest in religion. At the beginning of the early 19th century Christian… A 1932 source estimated at least three female converts to every two male converts between 1798 and 1826. Eventually, as these societies grew, certain leaders rose to the top, and created more opportunities and gave more leadership roles to women. The Second Great Awakening laid the foundations of the development of present-day religious beliefs and establishments, moral views, and democratic ideals in the United States. While the Second Great Awakening does not refer to an exact time period, one its starting points has been identified as the revival held at Cane Ridge, Kentucky in 1801. The outpouring of religious fervor and revival began in Kentucky and Tennessee in the 1790s and early 1800s among the Presbyterians, Methodists and Baptists. New religious movements emerged during the Second Great Awakening, such as Adventism, Dispensationalism, and the Latter Day Saint movement. [6] The movement quickly spread throughout Kentucky, Indiana, Tennessee, and southern Ohio, as well as other regions of the United States and Canada. The Civil War, happening only 20 years after the end of the Second Great Awakening… Interest in transforming the world was applied to mainstream political action, as temperance activists, antislavery advocates, and proponents of other variations of reform sought to implement their beliefs into national politics. As a result, local churches saw their roles in society in purifying the world through the individuals to whom they could bring salvation, and through changes in the law and the creation of institutions. People did not have the time or the inclination for worship. Like the First Great Awakening a half century earlier, the Second Great Awakening in North America reflected Romanticism characterized by enthusiasm, emotion, and an appeal to the supernatural. Postmillennialists believed that Christ will return to earth after the "Millennium", which could entail either a literal 1,000 years or a figurative "long period" of peace and happiness. The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant religious movement in the United States. While not a direct rebuke of the Enlightenment movement, the 2 nd Great Awakening … In conclusion: Looking back on the historical religious movement that was the Second Great Awakening, significance of equality and freedom was created. The second great awakening was a religious revival in America. The Second Great Awakening also brought significant changes to American culture. New York: Octagon Books, 1976, 139, Barbara Welter, "The Feminization of American Religion: 1800–1860," in. These organizations were primarily sponsored by affluent women. Members of these groups acted as apostles for the faith, and also as educators and exponents of northeastern urban culture. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans. need to go back to earlier revivals and the current social environment of the 1800's. The causes of the Second Great Awakening included the social disruptions of the Market Revolution, the democratization of American culture, and a … [3] As the most effective form of evangelizing during this period, revival meetings cut across geographical boundaries. Second Great Awakening, Protestant religious revival in the United States from about 1795 to 1835. Revivals and public conversions became social events that continue to this day. Women also created social circles where they could share religious ideas and talk about Protestantism. Second Great Awakening A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. [10] Linda K. Pritchard uses statistical data to show that compared to the rest of New York State, the Ohio River Valley in the lower Midwest, and the country as a whole, the religiosity of the Burned-over District was typical rather than exceptional. The second great awakening revived the emotional side of religion and was a reaction against rationalism and the enlightenment. A primitive faith based on the Bible alone promised a way to sidestep the competing claims of the many denominations available and for congregations to find assurance of being right without the security of an established national church. He was a Presbyterian minister, American Temperance Society co-founder and leader. 4 (March 1991), p. 1218 and 1237. International Conference of Reformed Churches, North American Presbyterian and Reformed Council, 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution, Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Ethnocultural politics in the United States, "Backcountry Religious Ways: The North British Field-Meeting Style", "Religious Transformation and the Second Great Awakening", Introducing Black Harry Hoosier: The History Behind Indiana's Namesake, Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) in the U.S. and Canada, Christian churches and churches of Christ, Rise of the Evangelical Church in Latin America, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Great_Awakening&oldid=992554885, History of Christianity in the United States, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2019, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from October 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. 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